Homework At A Secondary School Education Essay

The purpose of this survey is to happen out the pupils attitude towards prep, particularly towards the English prep at a secondary school. The research was conducted in one of my categories. The participants are pupils are all in grade 7. In malice of larning in the same category, each member of this category has a different degree of English proficiency and has different motives in larning English. I do this research with a hope that after the research, I can derive some certain cognition and experiences in order to assist myself and my every bit good as my co-workers in taking the best manner of giving prep which will accomplish maximal engagement from pupils in carry throughing their prep.Introduction:Background Information:I am a instructor of English at Long Thanh secondary school – a secondary school in a distant inland in Kien Giang Province, Vietnam. I have four categories with an norm of 35 pupils per category. After old ages of instruction, I realized that there was a phenomenon happening twelvemonth after twelvemonth: during the first hebdomads of the semester, my pupils ‘ prep was fulfilled with high frequence than the ulterior hebdomads. After the first month of the school-year, I discovered the fact that a batch of pupils repeatedly neglected to make their prep and normally did ill on most of the trials. Then I reminded them many times ; I called to their house to speak to their parents about this job and told their form- instructor. Occasionally, my pupils would look with prep in manus, but most of the times they appear with merely alibis. Why? It may be at the beginning of the school-year, my pupils might hold less prep and prep possibly easy for them to make, or they merely wanted to delight their instructor. After some hebdomads, they had so much prep from other topics to make every bit good, or they must go to extra-classes, or they felt bored with their English prep. I was really at a loss. I wondered why my pupils did non make plenty English prep. I wanted to cognize more about my pupils ‘ attitudes towards the English prep. I wondered if my pupils did non understand something in the prep or the instructions of the prep were non clear plenty or the prep was excessively hard. What can I make to assist my pupils? After old ages of learning English in secondary school, I face the job that instructor ‘s function is to give prep, and a pupil ‘s function is non to make it! † Due to this fact, I wonder if we should halt giving prep in learning English to secondary pupils. The reply is perfectly â€Å" no. † No 1 can deny that prep is indispensable for scholars in deriving better cognition. It gives scholars chances in acquiring exposed to the new linguistic communication and helps them review their memory of the old learnt linguistic communication. When carry oning this research, I hope that this survey will cast visible radiation on giving prep. It can assist me happen out techniques to help pupils ‘ consciousness about the value of prep every bit good as promote them to carry through their day-to-day prep with more involvement.Background of learning English in Vietnam:In Vietnam, English is taught as a foreign linguistic communication and it is besides one of the compulsory topics at estate schools. Mr. Canh ( 2001 ) remarked that although Vietnamese English instructors presents have a positive attitude to communicative methods, they feel limited in the execution of communicative instruction in their English schoolrooms for several grounds. Communicative linguistic communication instruction is excessively hard in Vietnam, where the instructor ‘s degree of English is low, the categories are excessively big, edifices, furniture, and other agencies are basic, and merely low support can be provided for stuffs, libraries, and other consulting services. The new instruction attack requires new cognition and accomplishments. Teachers are frequently required to pass more clip on making the extra readying, but there are excessively many demands on instructors ‘ clip. Teachers seldom have entree to the input and resources of the mark linguistic communication at secondary schools. Not a individual secondary school in Vietnam has ELT resources and stuffs available to instructors. Normally, there are merely some types of instruction stuffs which are available to Vietnamese instructors. They are text editions, a few practical English grammar books, some instructors ‘ manuals, some cassette – participants and some lexicons ( normally, those lexicons are excessively old and non up to day of the month ) . Not merely do pupils seldom have a opportunity to take portion in meaningful acquiring in touch with native English talkers but besides instructors face the same job. With such a awful English linguistic communication input environment, how can Vietnamese instructors of English keep their English ability off from being fossilized? They themselves have jobs in acquiring in touch with aliens. As a consequence, most of Vietnamese instructors tend to utilize Grammar-Translation Method in learning English in secondary. Furthermore, Vietnamese instructors ‘ wont is reading and of the pupils is composing. Teachers normally combine Grammar-translation Method with the Audio-lingual Method in learning. They ever try all their best to cover everything from the text edition. Besides, they are disquieted about an â€Å" over- prepared lesson program † or â€Å" under – prepared lesson program † . In this instance, pupils merely listen to their instructors ‘ account and transcript everything that is taught.Literature ReviewMotivation in larning linguistic communications:Motivation is the key to success in making anything, particularly in larning linguistic communications. Secondary pupils, out of sight of their instructors, normally find it hard to hold self-awareness. Language research workers divided motive into two basic sorts: integrative motive and instrumental motive. Harmonizing to Crookes and Schmidt ( 1991 ) â€Å" integrative motive is the scholar ‘s orientation with respect to the end of larning a 2nd linguistic communication. It is characterized by scholar ‘s positive attitudes towards the mark linguistic communication group and the desire to incorporate into the mark linguistic communication community † . Hudson ( 2000 in Norris-Holt 2001 ) stated that â€Å" instrumental motive was the desire to obtain something practical or concrete from the survey of a 2nd linguistic communication † . That is the desire to acquire a better occupation or a publicity ; to go through an scrutiny ; and to read materialsaˆÂ ¦ Harmonizing to Reilly ( 1994 ) , motive is enhanced when larning ends are made clear and when undertakings are sequences and linked in ways that make sense to scholars. Nunan ( 1991 ) said that the good foreign linguistic communication scholar found ways of triping his or her linguistic communication out of category. Liu and Littlewood ( 1997 in Zhenhui 2001 ) pointed out that â€Å" traditionally the instruction of EFL in most East Asiatic states is dominated by teacher-centered, book-centered, grammar-translation method with an accent on rote memory. † These traditional English linguistic communication learning methods have resulted in a figure of typical manners. Most pupils receive cognition through their instructor ‘s conveying instead than they themselves discover it. Students receive cognition instead than construe it. They normally wait for rectification from the instructor throughout their acquisition procedure. What about the instructors? They tend to give everything to their pupils through what they pour on the chalkboard. The chief ground for this linguistic communication survey is a necessity for my pupils to derive accomplishment in scrutinies. Due to the fact that the scrutinies are structured, about all schools in Vietnam are forced to educate their pupils in such a mode that they can make the scrutiny every bit good as possible. These tests are strict trials which required pupils to hold cognition of both extended vocabulary and grammatical constructions in order to make these trials successfully.Why do we necessitate to give pupils homework? The positive and the negative effects of prep:Depending on what facet of the prep statement we are on, prep can hold both positive and negative effects on pupils.The positive effects of prep:Homework plays an of import function in learning linguistic communication to our kids. Goldstein and Zentall ( 1999 ) have stated as the followers: Homework is of import because it is the intersection between place and school. It serves as a window through which we can detect our kids ‘s instruction and show positive attitudes towards our kids and their instruction. For instructors and decision makers, prep is a cost effectual manner to supply extra direction in pattern. The most common intent of giving prep is to assist pupils rehearse what they have already learnt in category. Homework is besides used to reenforce acquisition every bit good as to assist pupils master specific accomplishments. Preparation prep is besides a measure of presenting stuffs which will be presented in the following lessons. There are 10 grounds for instructors to give prep to pupils. Teachers give prep in order to revise classwork, to consolidate and pattern classwork, to widen linguistic communication cognition, to derive farther accomplishments pattern, to fix for the following category, to complete off work started in category or to salvage category clip for more communicative activities, to let pupils to work at their ain gait, to let us to look into that pupils have understood what we have tried to learn, to name spreads in pupils ‘ cognition, and to get farther linguistic communication, manner, and so on, from extended accomplishments work. There are 4 grounds for non completing prep. Students frequently claim: â€Å" I had excessively much prep. † ; â€Å" It was tiring. † ; â€Å" I forgot. † ; or â€Å" I did n't understand how to make. † Cooper ( 2001 ) found one more positive academic consequence of prep: betterment of attitudes towards school. Giving prep benefits us, the instructors, every bit good. â€Å" Homework improves instructors ‘ ability to cover the course of study and acts as a sort of span between the last lesson and the following 1 † ( Weisenthal et al. , 1997 ) .The negative effects of prep:The Official US – Department of Education Website besides province that excessively much prep can do pupils experience bored. Puting excessively much prep can maintain pupils off from taking portion in free clip and fall ining community activities. Other negative consequence of prep is that it can take to unwanted character traits if it promotes rip offing, either through the copying of assignments or aid with prep that goes beyond tutoring.The sum and the nature of the prep undertakings:Cooper ( 2001 in Nelms 2008 ) recommends: That all pupils should be given prep but that it should be limited by a orderly expression: no more than ten proceedingss per dark multiplied by the pupil s grade degree. In other words, a 2nd grader should hold no more than 20 proceedingss of prep all together per dark ; a 12th grader, no more than 120 proceedingss, or two hr. Young kids should hold shorter and more frequent assignments because they have short spans of attending and demand to experience they have successfully completed a undertaking. To better the job of giving prep, there are some experiences from linguistic communication research workers. On the Official US Department of Education Website, they found that to assist pupils with clip direction, we should assist them set up a fit clip each twenty-four hours for making prep. Do non allow them go forth prep until merely before bedtime, most of them wait until the last minute. We should hold them make the difficult work foremost. We must learn pupils the manner they learn. ( Dunn and Dunn, 1978 ) . In short, it is the occupation of pedagogues to maximise the benefits of prep and minimise the â€Å" cost † .

Hlten515B Implement and Monitor Care for Older Clients: Dementia

HLTEN515B implement and monitor care for older clients Written assignment 1 There are many different forms of dementia and each has its own cause. Some of the main type of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease, which is the most common form of dementia affecting 50%-70% of dementia patients (Alzheimer's australia, 2005). This is a degenerative illness which attacks the brain, this is achieved buy tangles which are in the middle of shrunken brain cells and plaques which eventually cause the brain cells to die meaning information can no longer be recalled or assimilated.There are also other types of dementia which include vascular dementia which is caused by circulation of the blood to the brain, Parkinson’s disease which is a disorder of the nervous system, Lewy-bodies dementia which is caused by the degeneration and death of the nerve cells in the brain and Huntington disease which is an inherited brain disease effecting body and mind. There are many support services out ther e to aid in dementia, although many people may be unaware of these services. There is also a significant impact on family and others.The early signs of dementia are subtle and vague and may not be obvious. These may include progressive and frequent memory loss, confusion, personality change, apathy and withdrawal, loss of ability to perform ADL’s, not being able to learn new information or follow direction and irrational behaviours (Dementia – diagnosis and early signs). Sometimes people do not recognise symptoms of dementia. They often assume that these indicators or behaviours are a normal part of the ageing process.There are many associated health problems when dealing with patients with dementia these may include constipation, changes in vision, changes in hearing, Infection due to a person's health which can deteriorate very quickly due to a chest or urinary tract infection (UTI), dental problems, foot problems that are commonly associated with diabetes, elderly p eople with diabetes don’t always take all measures when dealing with adls, pain and poor nutrition. The uses of communication strategies are extremely important when dealing with a patient with dementia.These strategies may help with relieving distress, agitation and challenging behaviours. Strategies when dealing with dementia patients may include, â€Å"introduce yourself at each encounter, use touch as appropriate, try to determine the cause of the behaviour and then try to reduce or eliminate it. These behaviours may be caused by boredom, which you would try and use activities as a distraction, Pain which we3 will try non-pharmacological treatment first e. g. : heat packs, Anxiety where we will use reassurance and diversion.Often using a soft approach such as smiling, pleasant voice tones while talking calmly in short sentences will help defuse a situation. There are many community services out there to aid dementia patients these may include community nursing, meals on wheels, homecare, home modification, Alzheimer’s Australia, commonwealth centerlink centres, carers association, counselling, ACAT and respite care. Dementia has a huge impact on not only the lives of them self’s but also the family and carer.Watching the person you love degenerate from a fully functioning person to some one that needs to be fully cared for. As a carer, you are likely to experience a range of different feelings. This is particularly difficult because as dementia gradually causes the person’s abilities and personality to change the nature of relationships will also change (better health). The carer and family may have feelings of guilt, as is quite common to feel guilty.Another main feeling a carer or family member may have is anger, which is natural to feel frustrated and angry. You may be angry at having to be the caregiver, angry with others who do not seem to be helping out, angry at the person with dementia for difficult behavior, and angry at support services. Bibliography 8 Health Problems Associated with Dementia. (n. d. ). Retrieved from aged carer : http://www. agedcarer. com. au/topic/aged-care-health-issues/8-health-problems-associated-with-dementia Alzheimer's australia. (2005). what is dementia.

Japan's Involvement In World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Japan's Involvement In World War II - Essay Example Japan restored the emperor during the Meiji Restoration in 1868. There was a widespread belief that the emperor was divine and strong sense in Japan of national identity built on the belief of Shintoism, of ancestor worship. During the Meiji Restoration the focus had been on transforming the nation that could compete with west. Lingering memories of Commodore Perry's entry into Japanese waters in 1853 forcing the surrender of the Shogun left a scar on Japan's national consciousness. The emphasis in the years that came were on transforming Japan into a modern nation state with a diversified economy that would not be further humiliated. During the 1920's under the guidance of Liberal Political policies Japan focused on economic growth and experienced an until then unprecedented growth. This growth was curtailed by the world wide Depression late in the decade. In a reaction to the economic hardship and in part keeping with Japan's wish to rise as real world power during the 1930's the government came to be dominated by right wing and nationalist forces, dominated by a military expansionist agenda.

Organization Structure and Work of Detroit Electric Case Study

Organization Structure and Work of Detroit Electric - Case Study Example Detroit Electric Company invests in outlining what work it requires to be done and then outsources the services of other companies. It does not do any design or manufacturing. The company maintains that this kind of organizational structure helps it escape capital expenses which may be too huge for it to afford at this point in time, bearing in mind that it is still at startup level. However, there is the indication that this company may slowly stop outsourcing its operations as time goes by and as their revenues continue to build on. This is due to the fact that they attribute their outsourcing arrangement to ‘avoiding capital costs which could be fatal to its start-up’ (p. 512). The reason why Detroit Electric chose to use this structure is to capitalize on the economic advantage that is brought by a division of work into highly specialized or precise jobs. The company realized that there was already the presence of specialized vehicle manufacturing companies such as Proton Holdings where manufacturing resources could be outsourced to. Proton Holdings was chosen to do the manufacturing activities of Detroit Electric because it had a modern production facility was committed to research and development, was cost-efficient, stable, and had a highly qualified labor force. Detroit Electric Company is on pace to present its electric vehicles to the market only three years after its inception. On the other hand, Ford will have taken forty years to produce a viable electric car by 2011. The pace of development in these two companies is affected by the organizational structures the two companies have deployed in their organizations. The organizational structure defines the manner in which the human resource is organized and their reporting arrangements.

Violation of Human Rights by Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam - Sri Research Paper

Violation of Human Rights by Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam - Sri Lanka - Research Paper Example The number of internally displaced people is also still high as many people fear the recurring of attacks if they are to go back without the security being given to them. Many have as a result escaped to India. The restrictions of the government on humanitarian aid have hampered the provision of basic needs to the displaced people and many people die in the camps as a result. Many observers have cited that there is still a climate of fear in the country and that there are crucial human rights that are still being violated .There are several feeble rights in the country that are still being violated. The judicial system is manipulated by the government officials. Privacy rights of citizens are being infringed by the government and in many instances it has spurred the denial of human rights- right to fair public trial, right to privacy, right to freedom of speech, right of press which is allegedly the poorest in all democratic countries, right of assembly and association. Journalists that are critical of the government have reportedly been harassed by public authorities (Report by the international crisis group, 2007). In addition, the government has hindered the operations of several non-governmental organisations. Official corruption especially in election law violations has raised concerns where the presidential and parliamentary elections are nothing bu t fair. Politically, the president has made amendments in his favor. The specific human rights abuses with regards to the universal declaration are several. Human rights have been under siege before and after the war. The cease fire exists only in name as the country has still not recovered from its human rights crisis. Everyone should be given equal dignity and rights (article 1), no one should be discriminated by the basis of their sex, race or color (article 2), the right to life liberty and security (article 3) has been undermined. The declaration asserts that people should not be subjected to torture (article 5) neither should they be held unlawfully (article 6). People affected should be compensated by a national tribunal for having his acts violated (article 8), and according to article 10 everyone must have a fair hearing. Unfortunately, Sri Lanka has not taken these rights into account to put them in to practice. Actually almost all rights have been violated and even worse no tangible actions have been done. As a result social progress and th e general standard of life have deteriorated (universal declaration charter). Generally the human rights in the country are weak. There is violence against people on the basis of their sexual orientation where women are discriminated. Trafficking in persons and child abuse/ child labor are another rights that have been violated

Psalms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Psalms - Essay Example This psalm describes the wedding banquet with Christ and His church, and Christ’s eternal kingdom. The psalm describes the setting around the time of the Feast of Tabernacles. During the feast the reading of the Law was given to the people. The psalm describes how we should be God fearing people and respect God’s Word. The psalm in verse 22 speaks of how God will tear you to pieces. Then, the psalms say he prepares the way. This psalm shows us the need for a savior that is Jesus Christ. God has shown His compassion by sending His son once and for all as a sacrifice for sin. The psalm describes the scene as a heavenly courtroom, with the Mighty One -- God -- as the judge. The Lord hands down an indictment against hypocrisy. The psalm indicts people who practice formalism in worship. However, Christ advises us to â€Å"worship in spirit and truth† (John 4:24). This psalm is Messianic in nature; the commentary describes the psalm as an imprecatory psalm. This psalm has become a popular psalm over the years. Verses 1 thru 18 of the psalm speak of the need for a Savior. This savior is The Messiah, Jesus Christ. David continues to discuss the Lord’s compassion and loving-kindness. Then, verses 19 thru 29 describe David’s vindication from his enemies. The psalm ends with praise and looks forward to the Messiah and the coming of his eternal kingdom. The prevailing Messianic tone was prayer for deliverance from suffering for the Lord’s sake. Therefore, Christ was seen as the one who was persecuted for doing God’s will. Psalm 72 refers to certain elements that will make up the millennial kingdom, where Christ will reign. The psalm goes on to explain how Christ will reign with righteousness throughout the whole world. This particular Messianic prophecy is seen in verse 1-3. Christ reigning with compassion is seen in verses 12-14. Furthermore, we see that the nation will prosper; this prophecy will be

The Prisoner's Dilemma by Stephen Chapman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Prisoner's Dilemma by Stephen Chapman - Essay Example Inconsistency in the degree of the penalty, overcrowding in prisons, outbreaks of diseases such as tuberculosis and hepatitis, unsanitary conditions, poor and inadequate medical care and prison violence are aptly discussed as some of the indicators of these failures. Specific details and statistics are used and thereby differentiating Chapman’s work from a mere conjecture. This quality makes Chapman’s work and assertions compelling and authentic. One of the factors that make Chapman’s work an effective argument is the use of contrasts or comparisons. For instance, Chapman contrasts the penal system in the Islamic world and the US. While Chapman covertly admits that the use of punishment as prescribed in the Koran and Islamic traditions seems somewhat archaic, he shows that it works fully well in ensuring deterrence. For instance, one with an amputated limb is openly known to have stolen and will harbor very strong compunctions towards any wrongdoing. On the other hand is the American penal system which is totally ineffective in fostering the purposes of criminal justice system. An apt example of a prison in Tennessee with a capacity of 806 but houses 2,300 inmates makes Chapman’s argument totally effective. While a habitual offender in Kentucky can be given a life sentence, his counterpart in California can be granted only 12 years, as is seen in the case of George Jackson. The matter is not any better when the issue of parole is introduced in the discussion.

Critically evaluate the role of physical activity in preventing Essay

Critically evaluate the role of physical activity in preventing lifestyle related diseases such as obesity, CVD and type 2 diabetes - Essay Example It has been observed that the prevalence of the heart diseases and strokes have declined overtime with an increase in the obesity related diseases. Excess weight gives rise to diseases like hypertension, diabetes and other cardio metabolic disease. Among the modern chronic disease, the cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease and Type 2 Diabetes are the most prevalent diseases in the world. All the mentioned diseases are related to health and physical fitness. â€Å"Physical inactivity has been related to the occurrence of coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and osteoporosis.† (Siscovick, Laporte, Newman March 1985, p. 180) Staying fit and adopting a healthy lifestyle can avoid all these diseases. Diet and physical activity is known to play a key role in the risk of being affected with the chronic diseases. High morbidity rates were mainly associated to the underdeveloped nations, prevalent due to the unhealthy living conditions and lack of availability of proper and nutritious diet. These diseases were caused due to unavailability of proper living conditions. With the development of the nations the living circumstances of the people have enhanced significantly. The diseases like the polio, diarrhea and starvation have given a way to the diseases like diabetes, metabolic diseases and cancer. This change in the health patterns has taken place due to the change in the diet and lifestyle patterns of the people in the westernized countries. These diseases are often referred to as the rich man’s diseases. With the advent of the modern technology in the life of the human beings the lifestyles have changed considerably. The popular use of machines has decreased the amount of physical labor a person did to complete the same tasks as now. Leisure activities have increased and so have the health related problems. Research based on the affect of the physical activities on the risk factors of the chronic diseases show â€Å"the joint association

Fan fiction Essay Example for Free

Fan fiction Essay Fan Fiction writing is the act of writing material with information from someone without their consent either written or otherwise. The written material is then released to the public on grounds that show the material as owner’s original; and doesn’t acknowledge it as re-edited. This will appear as the original material given that the reader had not had a chance to get the very original material. I want to agree that this activity is not legitimate one, the fact that a writer (author) writes their work and it goes into the public arena doesn’t require reframing or amendments. If the reader thinks of that work in another version, let it remain within them. Let not that which they think would have been better of; go out to the public. Interfering with this is wrong. Supposing all the fans decided to alter this original material into their way and everyone has a different understanding of same article? Letting this out to the public as well? Would not people get confused? I believe if a writer wants an opinion about their article, they know how to go about it, they know where to send it or who to give it to before it is released to the public. By the time it is getting to the public it is usually the writer’s best on that. I quite disagree that fun fiction should be a way of improving young writer’s skills of writing. Why cant these young writers come up with themes yet not released to the public and write on them? Why can’t they also get creative? There are so many things that the writers have not covered so far. It is also so wrong for fan writers to write an article and post it using the original writer’s names. Is this not theft? Is it not offensive to impersonate? The text showed this â€Å"Fan fiction is a good way to avoid learning how to be a writer. Fan fiction allows the writer to pretend to be creating a story, while using someone elses world, characters, and plot. Coloring Barbies hair green in a coloring book is not a great act of creativity. Neither is putting lipstick on Ken. Fan fiction does exactly those kinds of things. † A very good example given on the text ‘the extreme analogy: You send me a photograph of your family reunion, titled The Herkimers Get together. I think it looks dull. So I Photo-Shop it to put your friends and relations into compromising positions in various stages of undress. Then I post it on the Internet, under the title The Herkimer’s Get Together, and add a note that it was sent to me from Pete Herkimer of Missoula, Montana. Suddenly there is your face and name, and the faces of the people you care about, doing things that you would never do. Are you flattered that I thought your photograph was interesting enough to use? Or are you insulted and horrified? Are you alarmed that I so clearly connected work that is not yours to your good name? Although I must agree with the statement from the text ‘And As for definitions, to what extent is Paradise Lost a fan fiction of the Bible? To what extent is Tennysons Ulysses a fan fiction of the Odyssey? For much of human history, the concept of creative ownership Hobb seems to be using was thoroughly different: characters could be reused and rewritten as seen fit. Even given the capitalist ownership argument, which I personally find distasteful, narrow-minded, and restrictive, once again, the fan fiction under discussion is NON-COMMERCIAL’ There are those exceptions that would be allowed, the example of Paradise lost, and this seems to be a clearer edition of the Bible as far this generation is concerned. The fact that it is a book used for the continuity of the salvation of human race may need to be re-edited but the change of theme may not be altered. Another importance of fan fiction may be an act that is based on a book and probably is used for literature in schools. The author may have not written it as a play but someone else may act it and this way students may understand the book better as compared to reading it. I know that all the fan writers have a different way of looking at a particular article from that of the original writer and that is they want to reframe it, but I wonder where they were when the story was being created in that way which they don’t settle for. Keeping any ideas of how it should have looked to oneself is the best thing. Can’t people respect the work of others and promote original text writings? Fun fiction sometimes may even change the whole outlook of a story, there must be reasons why an author/writer decides to use some words and leave out others. There is a reason why the chapters in a book follow each other the way they do. In case a fan writer for example interferes with the flow of chapters and decides to bring the last chapter in the middle then any other reader might not find a reason of reading the book to the end. The flow is changed therefore the conclusion of the story comes in the middle, so why go ahead and read what you already know? Fan fiction sometimes is used on the internet, whereby an article from a newspaper may be used and with the application of coral draw; alteration may happen. When this same article is sent to people on the net, it might just convince them since they can see that it is from a legitimate source from a well known editor or writer. While this may happen on basis of malice and once the damage is caused rectifying it may be hard. So generally I know that fan fiction may be damaging. All writers have a chance of developing good writing skills but not through fan fiction as written the text ‘The first step to becoming a writer is to have your own idea. Not to take someone elses idea, put a dent in it, and claim it as your own. You will learn more from writing one story of your own, no matter how bad it is, than the most polished Inuyasha fan fiction that you write. Taking that first wavering step out into the unknown territory of your own imagination is what it is all about. When you can write well enough to carry a friend along, then youve really got something. But you arent going to get anywhere clinging to the comfort of saying, If I write a Harry Potter story, everyone will like it because they already like Harry Potter. I dont have to describe Hogwarts because everyone saw the movie, and I dont have to tell Harrys back story because thats all done for me. I agree with this statement totally. A good writer should have their own ideas and develop those ideas into stories. Reading more will help any writer get skill and get broader but fan fiction writing is demeaning to any writer. It makes a writer wholly rely on an article already thought and written instead of promoting the unique ideas any individual writer may be able to come up with. The danger of letting this continue is that we will never know what the original writer of a story intending us to know. We can never differentiate between fiction and true story. My conclusion would be depending on the intention of the fan fiction writer; this is how it can be looked at as a legal act or an illegal one. The writer in the text who is against this uses so harsh language and I found it not fair since it is not everyone who writes for fan fiction has a bad motive. â€Å"Look, the original author really screwed up the story, so Im going to fix it. Here is how it should have gone†.

Debates on “Standard of Care” in Research

Debates on â€Å"Standard of Care† in Research Current debates on â€Å"Standard of Care† in Research on Human subjects in the Developing World Zoheb Rafique INTRODUCTION: For sometimes now, medical and bioethics communities have been facing some of difficult and divisive issues regarding the ethics of the international research. These issues often get fuel, when the interventional research is conducted on the poor and vulnerable people in the poor developing countries. Normal term â€Å"Standard of the Care†, against which some of new interventions and inventions are tested in the medical research has not been adequately defined. This term is often usually taken to mean the â€Å"best proved treatment† for any of the condition under investigation in any of the trial. The debate regarding what constitutes a reasonable and fair standard of care for subjects in the developing countries and those who participate in the clinical trials has been aroused by the critics of the studies on transmission of HIV. Those critics also argued that the placebo controlled trials of the new regimens as to prevent the vertical transmission of the HIV were hi ghly unethical because of the reason that they included the placebo arm rather than â€Å"best proven treatment† which is available in the developed countries. While some of the commentators considered criticisms to be unbiased and associated with imperialistic attitudes. This debate made it very clear that high standards of the research plans to have not been comprehensively and adequately defined. Although there was some justified concern that the pressure from US food and the drug administration could â€Å"dilute† declaration of the Helsinki, and critics were also confident that whether a trial was ethical could be deduced from text of a declaration. But some declarations such as declaration of the Helsinki, that governing international research ethics are accepted like the constitutions and needing interpretation. Also assuming what is ethical, goes beyond merely following all the prescriptions and also requires some moral reasoning (1). In this article, I will di scuss and comment on various debates on standard of care in human research in the developing world. DISCUSSION Equal standards of medical care during research, reflecting equal respect for the dignity of subjects, could be taken to mean any one or a combination of several requirements. It is arbitrary and not justifiable to select only one of these, for example, which drugs are used to compare the standard of care in developed and developing countries. In context of some disputed studies on the issue of HIV transmission, the forced emphasis on some â€Å"best proven drugs† having greater considerations of whether those drug regimen can be safely applied in the different settings. Also little attention has been paid to fact there were so many differences between the pregnant women in the developing countries, and in countries where â€Å"best proven† treatment previously been established. The pregnant women in the developing countries present to the antenatal clinics at much later in the pregnancy than women in original studies; they are often malnourished and anemic, and they of ten live within some context in which the breast feeding having different implications for the newborn infants. Moreover, the advice don’t breast feed would then contradict years of the intensive education by WHO (World Health Organization). Also concerning use of the placebos, the approach than also been simplistic. A placebo arm is legal and justified in any trial requires some careful consideration of the potential benefits and harms in those specific contexts and they cannot be just simply deduced from any general declaration. And of course it is very necessary to acknowledge the fact that many of the placebo trials are often unethical because they are performed largely for the marketing purposes just to show that â€Å"me too† drugs, have effects and actions greater than those placebo, and rather than to study that they are better than the existing similar, often cheaper, drugs. Also not only should nothing to be done to make it easier to perform such trials, but also each and every effort can be made to reduce and decrease wasting time, money on the â€Å"promotional studies†. In these situations where there are some good reasons for the placebo controlled trials, those should be considered on the merits rather than to be precluded by any bluntly designed clause in the declaration. To protect the host communities from the exploitation, most of the commentators argue that the efforts to improve the health care in developing countries should never ever involve the research that uses and utilizes less than â€Å"Worldwide best† methods, and meaning best of methods available anywhere in this world. Most notably, paragraph 29 of the Declaration of Helsinki states: â€Å"The benefits, risks, burdens, and effectiveness of a new method should be tested against those of the best current prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic methods†. The debate over the issue what standard of the care should be required for the individuals p articipating in the research trials typically focuses on the research conducted in the developing countries by the investigators from the developed countries. This focus makes some sense. Most of the clinical research is conducted by the investigators from the developed countries, and most of communities lacking the access to good health care are located in developing countries. Researchers from the developing countries can also exploit the host communities. And also the communities in the developed countries lack access to best methods available in the world, and increasing the potential of being exploited. Then a complete analysis, should also address the potential for exploitation and independent of nationality of investigators, and the geographic location of any study (2). When the Helsinki calls for â€Å"the best proven therapeutic method† than does it mean [A] â€Å"the best therapy which is available anywhere in world†? Or does it say [B] â€Å"the standard th at is applicable in that country in which drug trial is conducted†? Helsinki is not very clear about this. But I must say that [1] a detailed and careful analysis of document and also its history tells us that the best therapy standard was intended initially and primarily as the standard of medial practice. This conclusion yields another conclusion: that [2] â€Å"the best proven standard of therapy must necessarily be the standard which prevails in that country in which clinical trial is being carried out. In part, interpretations A and B often differ over what I call the question of relevant reference point. Also emphasizing this disagreement makes it appear as the dispute hinges on question of whose medical practice constitutes relevant medical practice. So, the sides of the debate are divided into the proponents of local standard of care and also the critics who often champion the global standard of care. Framing the debate as the question of relevant reference point, how ever, effectively obscures a more fundamental source of disagreement. To see this, consider a crucial assumption that lies behind following argument. It is sometimes claimed that (1) because content of the standard of care is often fixed by local reference point and (2) because the prevailing treatment for preventing the maternal-infant HIV transmission in those countries where short-course AZT trials were conducted was no treatment at all, that (3) use of the placebo does not fall below established standard of care. Also it is important to see, however, that in order for (3) to follow from (1) and (2), we have to adopt the local reference point for standard of care (3). The ethics of the placebo-controlled trials to prevent the perinatal transmission of the HIV infection in continents like Asia and Africa have been widely debated. Some critics have argued that it is very unethical to leave the patients untreated when the proven life-saving treatment and therapy is being used in oth er parts of the world. We note, that conduct of the placebo-controlled trials in any developed country which would be unethical in some other developed country, has evoked some of furor that surrounded HIV perinatal transmission trials. The patients on other hand can choose not to take part in the trials. Reluctance to participate in the trail may be greater when there is some placebo control and the patients are asked to delay and forgo known effective therapy, also large number of the patients regularly agrees to take part in the placebo-controlled trials of the new agents. The perceived scientific value of the trial can contribute to this decision. Although care must be taken to ensure that manipulation of such considerations (e.g., by exaggerating scientific importance of trial), it seems very reasonable to allow the potential study participants to balance these benefits against some potential risk of the participation in this trial (4). Some of the observers noted more than dec ade ago that the research was conducted in the developing countries without the concern for the adherence of international ethical principles regarding the human subject’s research contained in 1947 Nuremberg code and also in the 1964 Declaration of the Helsinki. This situation has not improved. As for example, two years back, Food and Drug Administration decided that the research studies submitted to it for the review purpose need no longer be bound by Declaration of Helsinki and they must follow only the industry-sponsored Guidelines for the good clinical practice also outlined by International conference on the Harmonization. What is the legal status of Nuremberg code and Declaration of the Helsinki? Are they old outdated ethical rules that the researchers might ignore with the impunity? The question remains open, but just as clinical trials attempting to interrupt mother-to-child transmission of HIV in mid-1990s gave rise to some continuing debate about the global standar ds of care and also benefit sharing, so another mid-1990s research trial in the continent Africa has brought the international research rules back to the center stage (5). In addition to discussing recent debate and concerning international HIV research, also we should focus on whether or not to randomized, as the controlled trials must be conducted for the researchers to learn about intervention’s efficacy. The choice of the study design is not between ethically questionable perfect trials that produce the complete knowledge versus the imperfect designs that produce no knowledge. Moreover designs, such as the observational studies, that resolve the certain ethical quandaries are not necessarily free of the other ethical problems. One problem is that these studies can provide only limited guidance for the public health policy. The other issue is of informed consent, which is one of corner-stones of the research ethics. The quality of the informed consent is compromised when t he potential patient participants believe, wrongly, that the medical care is contingent on their agreeing to participate in the research. Also it is important to emphasize the potential participants that neither their access to the medical care, nor quality of care they receive, will be affected in any of the respect by their decision. It is sometimes very difficult to clarify this separation of the research from the medical care; the potential participants can be made aware through the effective communication that the decision about the research has no implications for their medical interests. Some more challenging situation occurs when the potential participants rightly believe that the medical care is contingent on their agreeing to enroll in the research (6). CONCLUSION The concept of standard of care has prominently figured in the recent controversies over use of placebos in design of the randomized controlled trials conducted in United States and the developing countries as well as the control group selection in critical care RCTs conducted in the United States. The traditional understanding of standard of care to which the physicians are held responsible refers to the typical practice of physicians in professional community. To answer the clinically valuable questions, it is often necessary for the clinical trials to randomize the subjects to interventions that deviate from standard of care in the medical practice. Nevertheless, the control groups that represent standard of care are mostly required to promote clinical value of the randomized trials and also to protect the research subjects. In case of the critical care trials, question whether RCTs should include a control group raises some complex scientific and also ethical issues that call for the careful assessment and judgment (7). In conclusion it is stated that every medical research project involving human subjects should be preceded by careful assessment of predictable risks and burdens in comparison with foreseeable benefits to the subjects or to others. REFERENCES: Solomon R Benatar, Peter A Singer. A new look at international research ethics. BMJ. 2000; Vol. 321, 824-826. David Wendler Et Al. 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